May 2024 | جنرال کابین

Elevator Door

2024 May 18

Read time : 13 m

Elevator Doors

The elevator door is a vital and fundamental element in any elevator system, serving as an interface for passengers to enter and exit and responsible for their safety and well-being. Therefore, their installation and adjustment are of particular importance. Careful attention must be paid to their installation, much like other mechanical components of the elevator, as even the slightest mistake can lead to serious damage. Elevators generally have two types of doors: floor doors installed for each floor and cabin doors mounted on the elevator car.

Components of Elevator Doors:

Door Panels: Elevator cabin doors are made up of various components, each serving specific functions in operation and safety of the elevator.
Rails: Rails are crucial in the smooth and reliable movement of elevator cabin doors. These rails are made of steel or aluminum and are installed on the cabin’s base or elevator walls.
Locking System: The locking system of elevator cabin doors is responsible for preventing unauthorized opening of the doors during elevator movement. This system typically includes locks, pins, and locking mechanisms.
Motors: Motors electrically operate the opening and closing of elevator cabin doors. These motors usually operate linearly or rotarily and can be controlled using hydraulic or electric systems.
Sensor Systems: Sensors are typically installed on elevator cabin doors to detect the door’s status and regulate its proper functioning. These sensors include pressure, motion, magnetic, and light sensors.
Control System: This component is responsible for controlling the opening and closing of doors. The control system usually comprises controllers, electronic circuits, and control switches.

Types of Elevator Doors

Based on Installation Location:

Cabin Doors: These doors are directly mounted on the elevator car and separate the cabin from the external environment by opening and closing.

They ensure the safety and well-being of passengers and prevent people from entering the elevator shafts.

These doors are usually made of metal and have various safety features. They open and close horizontally and are equipped with locking systems and sensors that control their operation.

The design and strength of these doors are crucial, as any defects or weaknesses in them can pose risks to passengers.

They typically feature control panels and decorations for aesthetic appeal and to match the overall appearance of the elevator.

Cabin elevator doors are used for passengers and cargo to enter and exit the elevator.

Landing Doors: These doors are located on each floor of the building and their opening and closing determine which floor is accessible.

Safety of these doors is also crucial; if the landing door is not open and the elevator car stops there, passengers cannot enter or exit.

The proper functioning of these doors requires proper adjustment and coordination with the movement of the elevator car to prevent accidents.

Some landing doors are equipped with additional features such as motion sensors or automatic locks to enhance the safety and efficiency of the elevator.

2. Based on Operation Method:

Fully Automatic: These doors open and close completely automatically without the need for manual intervention.

Typically, using sensors or electronic controls, fully automatic doors open automatically when approached and close automatically after passengers enter the cabin.

Fully automatic elevator doors are used for both cabin and floor doors.

The components of fully automatic elevator doors include contacts, shoes, door seals, panels, and frames.

Features of fully automatic elevator doors include:

Sound insulation, making sounds emitted from the elevator shaft inaudible inside the cabin.

They are made using bearing pipes.

The left and right doors are identical.

They are made using foam ball trays.

These doors have a very stylish and impressive appearance.

This type of door is generally used in modern elevators employing advanced technologies.

Semi-Automatic:

Semi-automatic doors operate with a combination of automatic and manual elements and are commonly used in smaller elevators or buildings where full automatic doors cannot be installed.

Features of semi-automatic elevator cabin doors include:

Manual Opening and Closing: Semi-automatic doors often require pressing specific buttons for opening and closing manually. This allows users to open or close the door for entering and exiting the cabin by pressing the buttons.

Use of Automatic Elements: Semi-automatic doors generally come with automatic elements such as sensors and locking mechanisms to provide optimal performance and higher safety.

Suitable for Limited Spaces: Due to not requiring large spaces for installation and operation, semi-automatic doors are suitable for small elevators or buildings with spatial constraints.

Use in Various Elevators: These doors are used in residential, commercial, and even industrial elevators, provided that the conditions for installing fully automatic doors are not available.

Collapsible or Manual:

Collapsible doors are a type of floor doors that are installed easily and at minimal cost. These doors do not require a large width space because they consist of a simple door and frame. However, the main drawback of these doors is that when opened to a 90-degree angle relative to the wall, they can obstruct the corridor. Therefore, these doors are particularly suitable for elevators intended for a limited number of stops and seeking a simple and inexpensive solution. Collapsible doors also have other issues, such as a lack of control over the opening and closing time. This issue can affect the elevator’s cycle and lead to increased traffic in the building.

Based on Opening Mechanism:

Central (folded from the middle to both sides): In this type of door, the panels open and close from the middle to the edges on both sides. This type of door is usually used in smaller elevators or in cases where lateral space is limited.
Telescopic (folded to one side): In telescopic doors, the panels open and close to one side from the middle. This type of door is suitable for use in elevators with sufficient lateral space.
Central-Telescopic (in models with 4 panels and above): This type of door is used in models with 4 panels and above. The panels open and close from the middle to both sides, but each of them is structurally telescopic.
Bus: This type of door is used in models with 4 panels and above. The panels open and close from the middle to both sides, but each of them is structurally telescopic.
Guillotine (upward folding): This type of door is used in models with 4 panels and above. The panels open and close from the middle to both sides, but each of them is structurally telescopic.

Based on Material (In Various Colors):

Steel with Color Coating
Steel with Stainless Steel Coating
Full Stainless Steel
Full Glass
Steel and Glass

Technical Specifications of Elevator Cabin Doors

Elevator cabin doors can have windows that allow passengers to see the outside environment. These doors play a crucial role in the safety and proper functioning of the elevator and should be periodically inspected and maintained. Elevator cabin doors are usually designed and manufactured in various dimensions, sizes, and models, including automatic, semi-automatic, and collapsible models, allowing passengers to enter and exit the elevator. These doors can be opened and closed automatically or manually, allowing passengers to enter and exit easily and safely. This elevator component typically has larger dimensions and provides better accessibility for individuals.

Technical Information of Elevator Cabin Doors

Dimensions: The dimensions of elevator cabin doors should be proportionate and compatible with the dimensions of the elevator cabin. These dimensions are usually determined by the width, height, and thickness of the door.
Material: Elevator cabin doors are usually made of metal (stainless steel or aluminum) and should be resistant to impact, heat, and corrosion.
Opening and Closing System: Doors can open and close horizontally, and this system includes rails, motors, and locking mechanisms.
Locking System: The locking system of elevator cabin doors prevents unauthorized opening during elevator operation and can operate electromechanically or mechanically.
Security: Elevator cabin doors feature security measures such as emergency locks, alarm systems, and child locks to prevent accidents.

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How To Lay Bricks Of Elevator Pit

2024 May 11

Read time : 10 m

How To Lay Bricks Of Elevator Pit

To ensure the safety of individuals working in the building, it is necessary to completely cover the area around the elevator shaft and avoid transporting materials from inside the elevator pit to prevent damage to the rails. After the ironwork and installation of the rails, it is essential to cover the rails with nylon to prevent them from getting dirty and damaged. It is recommended to protect the metal structures of the elevator shaft from corrosion, for which galvanized structures can be used. For bolt and nut structures, they should be protected with anti-corrosion coatings before installation. Similarly, for welded connections, anti-corrosion coatings should be used after the welding operation is completed.

Also read: Elevator engine

After the ironwork and installation of the rails, all sides except the wall where the elevator door is installed should be covered with walls of various types such as partition walls, masonry walls, metal sheets, or glass, provided that the shaft wall has sufficient mechanical resistance and can withstand the incoming forces. Also, when applying a force of 300 Newton per 5 square centimeters, there should be no permanent deformation and the elastic deformation should be up to 15 millimeters.

The wall covering of the shaft should not be prone to crumbling or attracting dust and soil and should also be fire-resistant. For example, blocks can be used and covered with white cement. This should be done from the shaft floor to the ceiling under the elevator shaft, and afterward, no holes or cavities should remain in the shaft wall, and the shaft wall should be completely smooth and polished. Also, it is better to have a distance between the masonry wall and the elevator shaft casing, and if there is a gap between the ironwork and the wall that cannot be covered, it is better to fill these spaces.

After cement work, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the casings, bolts nuts, and brackets, and if there are any protrusions or recesses, cover them at a 60-degree angle to the horizon. Furthermore, necessary provisions for the passage of three-phase electricity and telephone lines to the engine room should be considered from outside the shaft.

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? What is an elevator

2024 May 8

Read time : 14 m

Elevator

An elevator facilitates the rapid and easy movement of people and goods from floor to floor in buildings and is considered one of the symbols of advanced and valuable technology in the modern age.

Today, elevators are indispensable in importance and vitality, from residential to commercial, office buildings, and even tall and complex structures such as towers. They not only contribute to improving daily life’s comfort and efficiency but also facilitate the enhancement of safety and the development of urban spaces.

Components of an Elevator

Elevators, as fundamental transportation systems in buildings, can move people and loads from one floor to another through a complex combination of mechanisms, electronics, and intelligent controls.

1. Elevator Motor: The elevator motor, as its heart, is responsible for generating mechanical force to move the elevator cabin up and down. Typically, these motors are electrically powered, using electrical energy for motion.

2. Elevator Rail: The track or rail is a structure upon which the elevator cabin moves. Installing rails inside the elevator shaft ensures smooth and safe movement of the cabin.

3. Elevator Cabin: The elevator cabin, a vital and intricate part of the elevator system, must comply with a set of safety standards and regulations in addition to transporting people and loads between different building floors. This space is designed and constructed considering factors such as structural integrity, intelligent systems, ease of use, ergonomic design, and emergency facilities.

Design engineers consider various aspects in the design of elevator cabins such as air ventilation, lighting, sound, and safety equipment. Typically, cabins are made of metal or glass to be suitable in terms of strength and aesthetics for the elevator environment.

Cabins are equipped with handles, control buttons, and displays that allow users to control movement and select desired floors. Modern technologies and innovative control and communication methods are utilized in designing this part of the elevator to improve the travel experience for users.

Elevator cabins are equipped with safety systems such as motion sensors, smoke and fire detection systems, status monitoring systems, and emergency systems that safely guide passengers and loads in the elevator in case of problems. These additional features improve the performance of elevator cabins and ensure that emergency measures can be quickly and fully implemented in case of incidents.

Elevator Safety System: Gates control entry and exit from the cabin and safety systems such as sensors and control systems ensure passengers’ safety during elevator movement.
Elevator Control Panel: This system is responsible for managing elevator movement. Among its tasks are planning movements, speed control, and providing information to users about the elevator’s status.

The elevator control panel serves as the central management and control center for the elevator, as its name suggests. All commands given by users are initially sent to this panel, and after processing, the elevator executes them. Elevator control panels must be capable of providing an emergency rescue system in case of power failure and must be protected from damage to electronic components when exposed to dust. Additionally, they should have suitable ventilation systems to prevent temperature rise. These control panels are manufactured in two types: variable speed and 3VF, and installation and operation are based on the building’s characteristics.

6. Cabin and Floor Doors: Overall, there are two types of doors for elevators. The first type is floor doors, the number of which equals the number of elevator stops in the building. The second type is cabin doors. Typically, cabin doors are installed automatically in various types such as central, telescopic, and bus, provided that the site conditions allow. Additionally, floor doors are produced in two different forms: semi-automatic or manual and fully automatic, in central or telescopic types. The type of elevator door is chosen and installed based on the site conditions.

7. Governor and Safety Gear: When the speed of elevator movement exceeds the designated limit, the elevator’s safety brake activates to prevent falling and other accidents. As the elevator cabin’s speed increases, the governor detects this unauthorized speed and activates the safety gear, connected to the cabin by the governor’s cable, which is pulled by the governor’s centrifugal force, preventing the cabin from falling. Elevator brake systems operate in two modes: electrically, by switch disconnection, and mechanically, by the safety gear’s activation. For increased assurance, they are manufactured and installed by elevator standards. Elevators must necessarily have an emergency brake system; otherwise, their use is illegal.

Buffer: Elevator buffers, made in various types, but most commonly in polyurethane and hydraulic forms, serve to cushion the elevator’s impact. Polyurethane buffers are used in elevators with low capacity and speed, while hydraulic buffers are used in elevators with high capacity and speed. The buffer or shock absorber does not prevent elevator fall; its purpose is to prevent the cabin from descending excessively on the lowest floor.
Traveling Cable: The traveling cable is the main interface between the elevator cabin and the control panel. Due to its high sensitivity, this equipment must be made of high-quality materials. The traveling cable’s function is to transmit all commands, including floor summoning, cabin lighting, telephone, emergency stop, position indicator display, overweight sensors, switches, and others, between the panel and the cabin. This cable is flat to provide greater flexibility during elevator movement. Typically, these cables consist of 12 or 24 wire strands of size one and are selected and installed based on the system type.
Deflector Sheaves: Deflector sheaves, also known as diverting pulleys, guide the governor ropes to the desired location. These sheaves are produced in two types: ordinary and roller guides. Roller guide deflectors are mainly produced for gearless elevators, which can withstand heavier loads, while ordinary deflectors are made for geared elevators used only for guiding the governor ropes. These sheaves are made in different sizes and grooves for various types of ropes. Additionally, deflector sheaves are produced in four types U-groove, V-groove, U-groove undercut, and V-groove undercut. Deflector sheaves are part of the elevator suspension system.

11. Governor rope: Governor ropes are used in traction elevators to move and bear loads, and they come in various types used in different industries. These ropes are made of steel fibers and consist of a set of wires, wire layers, and a core twisted together to form a steel cable. Steel wires, or “strands,” form by twisting around themselves, and these strands, by twisting around a “core” or cable center, form the steel rope or cable. Ropes come in various sizes, with common sizes in the elevator industry being 6, 8, 10, and 12 millimeters. Additionally, steel rope cores come in various types, with the most common types in the elevator industry being steel cores and fiber cores.

Types of Elevators

When considering the types and speeds of elevators, we can categorize these devices into several main groups:

Hydraulic Elevators:

These elevators use a hydraulic cylinder to move the cabin. The hydraulic fluid is typically oil or water. Due to the need for less space for moving mechanisms, they are suitable for buildings with limited space. Their smooth and gentle operation, high safety, and minimal maintenance requirements are among their advantages.

Traction Elevators:

The cabin is pulled by a cable or rope in these elevators and held on a guide rail. This type of elevator is mainly used in tall buildings with heavy loads but requires significant space. The ability to move at high speeds, precise control, and the capability to transport heavy loads are features of these elevators.

Winch Elevators:

The cabin moves up and down using a winch and cable in this type of elevator. Due to the use of a simpler mechanism, it allows for speed adjustment and more precise movement. They are primarily used in towers and very tall buildings and are suitable for transporting people and light loads.

Pneumatic Elevators:

These elevators use the ambient air pressure to move the cabin. Due to their simple structure and lack of multiple mechanical parts, they are quick and easy to install and operate. They are mainly used in small buildings and serve as urban or station elevators.

Magnetic Elevators:

In these elevators, the cabin moves using magnetic force between magnets placed in the cabin and magnetic rails. They are mainly used for vertical movement in small buildings with low traffic and are typically used as urban elevators or in stations.

Hybrid Elevators:

These elevators use a combination of two or more different technologies for cabin movement. This combination of technologies can improve elevator performance, efficiency, and safety, making them suitable for buildings with special requirements.

Panoramic Elevators:

These elevators have glass walls that allow users to experience a beautiful view of the surrounding area. They are mainly used in tourist buildings, hotels, and shopping centers, providing a delightful traveling experience.

MRL Elevators:

Machine Room-Less (MRL) elevators are a type of elevator that operates without the need for a separate machine room, unlike traditional elevators. In these elevators, all motor components and moving mechanisms are placed in a small space inside the elevator shaft.

The motors used in machine room-less elevators must be gearless because they have much less volume compared to geared motors. In gearless systems, whether operated with or without a machine room, since the suspension system is in a two-to-one configuration, the motor rotation speed will be twice the speed of cabin movement. This means that if a lift with a speed of 1 meter per second is required, the motor must rotate at a speed of 2 meters per second.

Additionally, in machine room-less elevators, the suspension system is designed in a two-to-one configuration. In this system, the fixing of the sheave boxes, instead of being placed on the cabin and counterweight, is fixed at the highest part of the elevator shaft. After fixing one side of the sheave boxes and passing through the sheave bushings and the counterweight, the motor bushings and then the cabin bushings are re-closed at the base of the motor pulley.

Smaller Space: Since there is no need to build a machine room in these buildings, the usable space in the building increases.
Cost Savings: By reducing the need for building and installing a machine room, the costs of building and installing MRL elevators are reduced compared to MR elevators.
Maintaining a Beautiful Appearance: Since MRL elevators do not require a machine room, they maintain the appearance of the building, which may be affected by the extra volume of the machine room.
Easy Maintenance: All mechanical components are located inside the elevator shaft, making access to parts easier for repair and maintenance.

MR Elevators:

MR (Machine Room) elevators are another type of elevator where a separate and dedicated machine room is installed for the motor and elevator control systems. In this type of elevator, the machinery and equipment are usually located in a separate space on the same level or lower levels of the building.

Higher Efficiency: Some MR elevators use larger motors and more advanced control systems, which improve elevator performance. MR elevators have much higher capacity compared to MRL elevators. This makes MR elevators the only option for capacities exceeding 1150 kilograms.
Noise and Vibration Reduction: One of the main advantages of MR elevators is the reduction in noise and vibration during operation, which positively affects the quality and comfort of the ride. This advantage is particularly noticeable at higher speeds. For this reason, MR elevators are a suitable option for speeds equal to or greater than 1.75 meters per second. However, during operation, machine room-less elevators have more noise and vibration, which may be unpleasant for some users.

Patient Bed Elevators:

Patient bed elevators are installed in hospitals for patients who are unable to sit in a wheelchair. These elevators have features such as having doors on both sides of the cabin and a very smooth and gentle movement system. Due to the large volume and dimensions of the cabin, these elevators must have high capacity and power to easily transport patient beds and medical equipment when necessary.

Patient bed elevators must meet the following requirements:

The minimum dimensions of the cabin must be 1400 by 2400 millimeters.
The minimum width of the cabin door opening must be 1300 millimeters, and its height must be 2100 millimeters.
It must be equipped with a 3VF system, cabin door hold-open button, emergency rescue system, floor re-leveling system, and a special key that grants access to trained and authorized individuals.

Patient Lift Elevators:

Patient lift elevators, installed in healthcare centers and hospitals, are designed to transport patients who cannot be moved from their stretchers between floors. These elevators must have high capacity and weight-bearing capabilities to ensure no issues arise when a patient, along with medical staff and companions, are in the elevator cabin.

Patient lift elevators must meet the following requirements:

The minimum dimensions of the cabin must be 1100 by 2100 millimeters.
The minimum width of the cabin door opening must be 900 millimeters, and its height must be 2000 millimeters.
They must be equipped with a 3VF system, cabin door hold-open button, emergency rescue system, floor re-leveling system, and a special key that grants access to trained and authorized individuals.

Wheelchair Lift Elevators:

Wheelchair lift elevators, also known as wheelchair-accessible elevators, can transport a wheelchair or mobility device. Due to their smaller dimensions, these elevators are among the most common types.

Wheelchair lift elevators must meet the following requirements:

The minimum dimensions of the cabin must be 1100 by 1400 millimeters.
The minimum width of the cabin door opening must be 800 millimeters, and its height must be 1800 millimeters.
They must be equipped with a 3VF system, cabin door hold-open button, emergency rescue system, floor re-leveling system, and a special key.

Car Lift Elevators:

In today’s world, with a large volume of cars present in every city, parking issues gradually become a global concern. For this reason, property owners and building contractors seek to use multi-level parking lots and car lift elevators to address these challenges. Car lift elevators, based on site conditions and load capacity, are installed in either traction or hydraulic configurations.

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Elevator Engine

2024 May 4

Read time : 10 m

Elevator Motor

Typically, the most important part of an electrical device is its motor, which is known as the beating heart of mechanical devices. Elevators are no exception to this rule, and the elevator motor is considered one of the essential components of this device. This motor provides the necessary force for the movement and displacement of the elevator cabin. High-quality and top-grade elevator motors provide quality performance and greater stability, demonstrating higher resistance to potential hazards.

As the heart of the elevator, the elevator motor generates the force required for the movement and transfer of the cabin. Without this motor, the elevator cannot function properly and will be unable to move. In addition to carrying the weight of the cabin and incoming loads, this motor is responsible for generating the necessary force for elevator movement.

Types of Elevator Motors

Elevator motors are produced in various types based on technical features, building requirements, and usage environment.

1. Geared Motors:

These motors have a gearbox system that increases the power and torque of the motor.

Geared motors are typically used in buildings with medium height and medium to heavy loads.

2. Gearless Motors:

These motors operate without a gearbox system, reducing noise and increasing efficiency.

Gearless motors are commonly used in tall buildings with heavy loads as they offer better technical and operational efficiency.

3. Synchronous Motors:

These motors operate based on electromagnetic principles and synchronize with AC electric current.

Synchronous motors are used for smooth and stable elevator movement as well as applications requiring precise speed control.

4. Asynchronous Motors:

Often referred to as dual-speed motors, these motors are typically used in elevators with smaller capacities.

Asynchronous motors use AC to generate movement in the elevator and are also considered an economical option.

Each of these motor types has its features and specific applications, and selecting the best motor type based on the specific requirements of the building and expectations for elevator performance is crucial.

Motor Frame

The motor frame of an elevator is a metallic structure upon which the elevator motor and sheave are mounted. This frame, acting as a fundamental element in the elevator system, provides a suitable location for installing and positioning the motor. Additionally, another component called the sheave is placed on this frame.

The importance of the motor frame lies in bearing the weight of the elevator cabin, the traction rope, and other mechanical components. This structure prevents unnecessary horizontal and vertical movements in the cabin and ensures stability, strength, and vertical distance between components. Among these distances is the distance between the motor sheave and the traction sheave from the frame, which plays a crucial role in the proper functioning of the elevator.

General Cabin Elevator Motor Frame Features:

Customization according to elevator speed and capacity
Calculation of alpha proportional to elevator speed and capacity
Installation capability for governor sheave and traction sheave
Precise adjustment capability of traction sheaves
Installation of shock-absorbing rubber
Consideration of governor placement (governor base) if necessary
Use of electrostatic paint
Screw and nut-type connections

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Implementation of Elevator Shaft Ceiling

2024 May 5

Read time : 10 m

Elevator Shaft Ceiling

Undoubtedly, the elevator shaft ceiling is one of the most critical aspects in the design and implementation of elevators, greatly influencing their performance, safety, and lifespan. Serving as the uppermost cover of the elevator shaft, it not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of the building but also ensures its physical functionality and safety.

In general, the elevator shaft ceiling should possess qualities such as strength, resistance to impact, fireproofing, and weatherproofing. Additionally, it must be designed in a way to prevents the entry of any foreign materials into the elevator shaft, ensuring the safety of passengers and workers.

Furthermore, among the considerations in designing the elevator shaft ceiling is providing sufficient clearance from the cabin surface and the elevator system, preventing material slippage, and ensuring proper ventilation within the elevator shaft. Thus, the elevator shaft ceiling plays a pivotal role in enhancing safety standards but also in adding to the beauty and design aesthetics.

Implementation of Elevator Shaft Ceiling According to Standards

When reaching the top floor or the final destination of passengers, look up: does your elevator have a machine room or not? This is a key question that determines how the overhead elevator shaft ceiling should be designed and executed.

If there’s a machine room, a single ceiling hook is essential. However, if your elevator operates without a machine room, you need two ceiling hooks, as these safety measures are fundamental in preventing any potential accidents.

Every elevator, whether with or without a machine room, requires attention to technical details. In the case of having a machine room, the clearance height, speed, cabin height, and floor space are all related. Moreover, the dimensions of the machine room must be such that, besides providing adequate space for equipment installation, they also ensure safe traffic flow.

For elevators without machine rooms, the conditions of exit and the design of the overhead elevator, as well as the upper space, determine factors such as cabin speed, floor space, and height, all of which are intricately linked to the design considerations.

2024 May 18

Read time : 13 m

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Elevator Doors

Components of Elevator Doors:

Types of Elevator Doors

Technical Specifications of Elevator Cabin Doors

Technical Information of Elevator Cabin Doors

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2024 May 11

Read time : 10 m

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How To Lay Bricks Of Elevator Pit

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2024 May 8

Read time : 14 m

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Elevator

Components of an Elevator

Types of Elevators

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2024 May 4

Read time : 10 m

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Elevator Motor

Types of Elevator Motors

Motor Frame

General Cabin Elevator Motor Frame Features:

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2024 May 5

Read time : 10 m

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Elevator Shaft Ceiling

Implementation of Elevator Shaft Ceiling According to Standards

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Month: May 2024